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Studies using radiolabeled GA demonstrate that the gastrointestinal tract and thyroid gland contain the highest GA levels, with lowest levels in the CNS

In The High Costs of Low-Grade Inflammation, Dantzer points out that during chronic inflammation, insulin resistance in the brain decreases glucose and protein metabolism in the astrocytes, forcing the neurons to rely more heavily on the less efficient process of lipid metabolism for energy

This pathway generates pentose sugar for amino acid and nucleic acid synthesis, converting glucose to ribulose-5-phosphate via the pentose phosphate shunt

This is responsible for the downregulation of inflammatory cytokines and an overall shift from a pro-inflammatory to an anti-inflammatory/regulatory response