repurposing semaglutide and liraglutide for alcohol use disorder GLP-1s Hold Promise as Treatment GLP-1 receptor agonists for the

Abbreviations ADA Adenosine deaminase ADVANCE Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Preterax and Diamicron MR Controlled Evaluation Afib Atrial fibrillation BNP Brain natriuretic peptide cAMP Cyclic adenosine 3,5-monophosphate CI Confidence interval CKD Chronic kidney disease CVD Cardiovascular disease CVOTs Cardiovascular outcome trials DPP-4 Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 DPP-4i DPP-4 inhibitor eGFR Estimated glomerular filtration rate FDA Food and Drug Administration GAS Interferon-gamma-activated sequence GIP Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1R GLP-1 receptor GLP-1RAs Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists HbA1c Glycated hemoglobin HDL High-density lipoprotein HF Heart failure HNF-1 Hepatocyte nuclear factor-1 HR Hazard ratio hs-CRP High-sensitivity C-reactive protein IL-12 Interleukin-12 IVUS Intravascular ultrasound LDL Low-density lipoprotein LVEF Left ventricular ejection fraction MACE Major adverse cardiovascular events MI Myocardial infarction MMPs Matrix metalloproteases PAI-1 Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 PCI Percutaneous coronary intervention PKA Protein kinase A PWV Pulse wave velocity SGLT-2i Sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors STAT1 Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 T1DM Type 1 diabetes mellitus T2DM Type 2 diabetes mellitus TGF- Transforming growth factor- TLR4 Toll-like receptor 4 TNF- Tumor necrosis factor- TRIF TIR-domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon- UKPDS United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study VLDL Very low-density lipoprotein Author contributions MR performed literature search

In June 2023, The FDA granted fast track designation to efinopegdutide for the treatment of NASH

The nasal route reflects PT-141's original clinical development pathway in published sexual-function research

Serum resistin and resistin mRNA expression in adipose tissue was significantly higher in subjects with PWS, compared with both healthy lean controls and subjects with obesity and without PWS